Half of Iranians Lack Adequate Money for Food, Shelter
Majorities say they feel worry, sadness, anger during much of the day
WASHINGTON, D.C. -- Iranian residents' election of moderate cleric Hassan Rouhani to the presidency has been widely interpreted as evidence of their desire for meaningful change in the country. Rouhani will preside over an increasingly distressed population: Half of Iranians say there have been times in the past year when they have had trouble paying for adequate shelter and for food their families needed. In each case, the 50% figure is the highest among 19 populations in the Middle East and North Africa region that Gallup surveyed in 2012 and 2013.
Many Iranians have felt the effects of international sanctions targeting Iran's nuclear program, which have expanded considerably over the past two years. For instance, in 2011, the European Union imposed an oil embargo that has cost the Iranian government billions of dollars in oil revenue each month. Most recently, U.S. President Barack Obama authorized his administration's ninth round of sanctions on June 3 targeting the use of Iran's currency by foreign financial institutions. The cumulative result has been to destabilize the Iranian economy, producing rampant inflation and spiraling unemployment. Gallup's data indicate that 27% of Iranians in the workforce are currently unemployed, and an additional 34% are underemployed.
Half of Iranian adults now say sanctions have personally hurt their livelihoods a great deal, while an additional 35% say their livelihoods have been hurt somewhat. This view reflects Iranians' declining optimism about their living standards. The 34% of Iranians who in 2012 said their standard of living is getting worse is up from 20% in 2011.
Gallup trends also reveal that Iranians' emotional wellbeing has deteriorated over the past two years. Currently, more than half say they felt a lot of worry (58%), sadness (54%), and anger (54%) during much of the day prior to the interview. All these figures have risen substantially since 2011 and are now among the highest in the region.
Implications
Widespread economic hardship among the Iranian people carries mixed implications for the future of relations between Washington and Tehran under President Rouhani. Some Western leaders may take it as a sign that international sanctions are working and should be maintained. However, as U.S. officials, including former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, have claimed, the Iranian people themselves are not the target of sanctions. What's more, Gallup finds that most Iranians -- currently 68% -- still support the country's efforts to develop its nuclear capabilities. Additionally, the head of the United Nations International Atomic Energy Agency recently reported no signs that sanctions have slowed down Iran's nuclear program.
The rising prevalence of anger in Iran may be particularly troubling to U.S. leaders. Almost half of Iranians (46%) say they hold the U.S. responsible for the international sanctions on their country, while 13% blame their own government. These opinions raise the question of the extent to which increasing hardship may be bolstering anti-U.S. sentiment in a country that, despite its economic troubles, has been an increasingly assertive power in the region. Currently, 15% of Iranians say they approve of U.S. leadership; though this represents a slight improvement from 9% in 2011, it remains one of the lowest figures in the Middle East and North Africa region.
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Survey Methods
Results are based on telephone surveys of Iranian adults, aged 15 and older, conducted in February-March 2011 (1,003 interviews); January 2012 (1,000 interviews); December 2012-January 2013 (2,507 interviews), and May-June 2013 (1,000 interviews) in Iran. For results based on the total sample of national adults, one can say with 95% confidence that the maximum margin of sampling error is ±3.8 percentage points. The margin of error reflects the influence of data weighting. In addition to sampling error, question wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of public opinion polls.
For more complete methodology and specific survey dates, please review Gallup's Country Data Set details.
July 1, 2013
Most in U.S. Have Enough to Get by, but Many Lack Cushion
Few Americans have more than enough to do what they want
PRINCETON, NJ -- About seven in 10 Americans, including a majority of those making more than $24,000 a year, say they have enough money to do what they need to do. However, it is not until Americans reach $48,000 a year in annual income that a majority say they can handle a substantial purchase or unexpected major expense.
These results, from an analysis of several questions measuring attitudes toward finances and spending included in Gallup Daily tracking surveys in 2013, suggest that Americans reach various thresholds of financial security as their income increases. It seems most income groups are not suffering daily financial deprivations on a routine basis, the only exception being very low-income Americans. Less than half of Americans making less than $48,000 a year have enough of a financial cushion to handle an emergency.
Majority Who Make $60,000 a Year or More Feel Good About Their Spending
The threshold of financial security rises still higher when it comes to feeling good about the amount of money Americans have to spend. Overall, a majority of Americans do not report feeling "good these days" about the amount of money they have to spend until income levels reach the $60,000-a-year category. The overall range by income varies from 34% in the lowest income category to 62% in the highest.
The income threshold at which a majority of Americans say they have more than enough money to do what they want to do is very high -- those making $180,000 a year or more. And even among this high-income group, only a bare majority of 51% say they have more than enough money to do what they want to do.
Thus, it appears that relatively few Americans are so comfortable with their financial situation that they are willing to admit that they have more than enough money. And this, perhaps, is an indication that human beings manage to find ways of adjusting their spending upward to whatever their income level might be and imagine ways of spending more if they had it.
Most Americans Don't Worry About Spending on a Daily Basis
Despite the evidence that many Americans are not equipped for a financial emergency and do not feel good about their finances, relatively few report worrying about money or spending on a regular basis. Thirty-two percent say they worried they spent too much money "yesterday" -- that is, the day before they were interviewed. This reaches a high of 40% among the lowest income group, meaning that a significant majority of Americans in all income groups go through each day without worrying about what they spent. In fact, worry about spending is constant across income groups, with even more than a quarter of those making $180,000 a year or more saying that they worried yesterday about their spending.
Implications
Americans' attitudes toward money and their concern about spending are complex. Most Americans are getting by financially and do not worry about what they are spending on a daily basis, but a majority do not have much of a financial cushion for emergencies. Less than half feel "good" about the amount of money they have to spend, and relatively few can do what they would want to do financially.
As would be expected, Americans generally become more positive about their finances and spending as their income rises. A majority of those making $24,000 a year or more have enough money to buy needed things on a daily basis. But, more than half of those making less than $48,000 a year say they could not handle a financial emergency, and more than half of those making less than $60,000 a year say they do not feel good about the money they have to spend. A substantial majority of Americans in all but the highest income categories say they do not have more than enough money to do what they would want to do.
Survey Methods
These results are based on telephone interviews conducted Jan. 2-June 27, 2013, on the Gallup Daily tracking survey, with a random samples of between 21,958 and 22,159 adults, aged 18 and older, living in all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia.
For results based on the total sample of national adults, one can say with 95% confidence that the margin of sampling error is ±1 percentage points.
The margin of sampling error for each income subgroup varies from ±4 percentage points to ±2 percentage points, depending on the subgroup's size.
Interviews are conducted with respondents on landline telephones and cellular phones, with interviews conducted in Spanish for respondents who are primarily Spanish-speaking. Each sample of national adults includes a minimum quota of 50% cellphone respondents and 50% landline respondents, with additional minimum quotas by region. Landline and cell telephone numbers are selected using random-digit-dial methods. Landline respondents are chosen at random within each household on the basis of which member had the most recent birthday.
Samples are weighted to correct for unequal selection probability, nonresponse, and double coverage of landline and cell users in the two sampling frames. They are also weighted to match the national demographics of gender, age, race, Hispanic ethnicity, education, region, population density, and phone status (cellphone only/landline only/both, and cellphone mostly). Demographic weighting targets are based on the March 2012 Current Population Survey figures for the aged 18 and older U.S. population. Phone status targets are based on the July-December 2011 National Health Interview Survey. Population density targets are based on the 2010 census. All reported margins of sampling error include the computed design effects for weighting.
In addition to sampling error, question wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of public opinion polls.
For more details on Gallup's polling methodology, visit www.gallup.com.
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